Abstract: [Purposes] 3D modeling of aerial and ground image collaboration is a significant challenge in real-scene modeling.This paper focuses on Fahai temple and White Pagoda temple in Beijing as research objects and proposes a 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS)method based on aerial and ground image collaboration,which aiming to solve the high-quality reconstruction of scene with drastic changes in aerial and ground perspectives. [Methods] Firstly,the ground multi-modal heterogeneous equipment array acquisition strategy is implemented to achieve comprehensive and high-precision near-ground images of complex scenes.Secondly,a stepwise rigid constraint resolution method is employed to accomplish integrated aerial-ground joint aerial triangulation.Finally,a combined modeling strategy integrating block-based parallel training,multi-source camera viewpoint balancing,generative viewpoint augmentation,and spatio-temporal consistency filtering is utilized to reconstruct a high-fidelity and seamless 3D Gaussian splatting model. [Findings] The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms mainstream modeling approaches in terms of model completeness,geometric accuracy and visual details.Specifically,the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)is increased by 1.143 7 dB,the structural similarity index measure (SSIM)is improved by 0.022 3,and the learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS)is reduced by 0.018 7. [Conclusions] The proposed method effectively addresses the challenge of high-quality 3D modeling under large viewpoint variations,which offers a new technological pathway for digital preservation of cultural heritage and fine-grained urban management．

Key words: aerial and ground collaboration, multi-modal data, aerial triangulation, 3D Gaussian splatting, real-scene 3D model