“一张图”的概念解析、技术基础及应用实践

doi:10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2026.0101

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在国家治理能力现代化的背景下,“一张图”已成为推动跨部门业务协同和数字化治理模式创新的重要途径。然而,其概念内涵、技术基础与发展路径尚缺乏系统的梳理。本文采用文献综述、概念辨析与案例综合的方法,对“一张图”进行系统的概念解析与实践综述。系统追溯“一张图”的技术思想起源与演进脉络,归纳其在智慧城市、水利、应急等行业的应用实践,并重点剖析自然资源领域“一张图”建设的战略定位、现实需求和治理逻辑。研究表明:“一张图”并非单一技术,而是融合了地理信息系统(GIS)、空间数据基础设施(SDI)、“单一事实来源”(SSOT)与“通用作战图”(COP)等理念的综合产物,数字孪生则代表其未来的发展方向;“一张图”已在多行业应用中成为通用的“空间底座”;自然资源领域正通过顶层设计构建权威、统一、无矛盾冲突的国土空间数字基底(“一张图1.0”阶段)。研究认为,“一张图”的本质已从技术方法论演变为一种数据驱动的治理模式与制度改革工具。当前构建的数字基底是其基础阶段,而其向数字孪生和知识服务等更高形态的演进,将对工作机制提出从“业务融合”到“治理重塑”的深层挑战,是未来提升国家治理能力的关键所在。

关键词: 一张图, 数字治理, 自然资源, 空间数据基础设施, 单一事实来源

Abstract: In the context of modernizing national governance capabilities,“One Map” has become an important pathway for promoting cross-departmental operational synergy and innovation in digital governance models.However,its conceptual connotation,technological foundation,and development trajectory have not yet been systematically reviewed.This paper aims to provide a systematic conceptual analysis and practical review of “One Map”. The study adopts methods of literature review,conceptual discrimination,and case synthesis.It systematically traces the theoretical origins and evolutionary trajectory of “One Map”, reviews its application practices in sectors such as smart cities,water conservancy,and emergency management,and focuses on analyzing the strategic positioning,practical needs,and governance logic of “One Map” construction in the natural resources sector.The study shows that: “One Map” is not a singular technology but rather an integrated concept that fuses ideas from geographic information systems (GIS), spatial data infrastructure (SDI), “single source of truth” (SSOT), and “common operating picture” (COP), with digital twin representing its future development direction; “One Map” has become a common “spatial foundation” in multi-sectoral applications; and the natural resources sector is constructing an authoritative,unified,and conflict-free national territorial spatial digital base (the “One Map 1.0” stage) through top-level design.The study posits that the essence of “One Map” has evolved from a technical methodology into a data-driven governance model and a tool for institutional reform.The current construction of this digital base is its foundational stage,while its evolution toward more advanced forms,such as digital twins and knowledge services,presents a profound challenge for working mechanisms,demanding a shift from “operational fusion” to “governance restructuring” This transition is key to enhancing national governance capabilities in the future.

Key words: One Map, digital governance, natural resources, spatial data infrastructure, single source of truth

中图分类号:

P208

黄蔚, 巩垠熙, 张红平. “一张图”的概念解析、技术基础及应用实践[J]. 测绘通报, 2026, 0(1): 1-6.

HUANG Wei, GONG Yinxi, ZHANG Hongping. “One Map”: conceptual analysis,technological foundation and application practice[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2026, 0(1): 1-6.

参考文献

[1] 黄璜,谢思娴,姚清晨,等.数字化赋能治理协同: 数字政府建设的“下一步行动”[J].电子政务,2022(4): 2-27.
[2] 陈杰浩,周彪.数字政府的理论探索与实践创新: 从全面认知到整体智治[M].北京: 科学出版社,2023.
[3] 吴培熠,申红梅,梁正.政务大模型的敏捷治理研究: 基于“数据-场景”的多案例分析[J].电子政务,2025(8): 2-12.
[4] 孙雪东.以“一张图”建设推动国土空间数字化治理能力提升[J].自然资源信息化,2025(3): 1-7.
[5] 黄蔚,张红平,徐永,等.国家地理信息公共服务平台(天地图)建设的若干思考[J].测绘通报,2024(4): 145-149.
[6] 许等平,李晖,庞丽杰,等.全国林地“一张图”数据库建设及扩展应用[J].林业资源管理,2015(5): 36-43.
[7] ADIPANDANG Y,DEWI C,DARMAWAN M.An investigation of inter-agency relationship respecting One Map Policy: does the indonesian open spatial data policy reinforce innovation or disrupted bureaucracy[J].Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy,2020,11(12): 897-902.
[8] ZHAO Yaolong.“One Map”-based land information system: towards E-government for land management[C]//Proceedings of 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government.Guangzhou: IEEE,2010: 687-690.
[9] RACHEL S.The history of geographic information systems (GIS) [J].Pristupljeno,2019,8: 2023.
[10] QUEIROZ M,TALLON P,COLTMAN T.Data value and the search for a single source of truth: what is it and why does it matter？[C]//Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.Hawaii:[s.n.],2024.
[11] PANG C,SZAFRON D.Single source of truth (SSOT) for service oriented architecture (SOA) [M]//Service-Oriented Computing.Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer,2014: 575-589.
[12] DANIELSSON E,ALVINIUS A,LARSSON G.From common operating picture to situational awareness[J].International Journal of Emergency Management,2014,10(1): 28.
[13] 吴战胜,周伟祝,李彪.通用作战图系统研究现状分析[J].工业控制计算机,2013,26(10): 104-105.
[14] STEEN-TVEIT K,MUNKVOLD B E. From common operational picture to common situational understanding: an analysis based on practitioner perspectives[J].Safety Science,2021,142:105381.
[15] 赵峰,王伟,刘一宁.城市“空间数字底座”发展趋势及上海的建设思路[J].科学发展,2023(8): 5-13.
[16] RAJABIFARD A,WILLIAMSON I P.Spatial data infrastructures: concept,SDI hierarchy and future directions[C]//Proceedings of 2001 GEOMATICS'80 Conference.Tehran:Citeseer,2001.
[17] KOTSEV A,MINGHINI M,TOMAS R,et al.From spatial data infrastructures to data spaces: a technological perspective on the evolution of European SDIs[J].ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,2020,9(3): 176.
[18] SCOTT G,RAJABIFARD A.Sustainable development and geospatial information: a strategic framework for integrating a global policy agenda into national geospatial capabilities[J].Geo-spatial Information Science,2017,20(2): 59-76.
[19] DIHAN M S,AKASH A I,TASNEEM Z,et al.Digital twin: data exploration,architecture,implementation and future[J].Heliyon,2024,10(5): e26503.
[20] 邓国臣,李洁茹,熊苹.智慧城市建设若干问题及思考[J].测绘科学,2014,39(10): 64-67.
[21] 孙颖,张新长,张维.基于数字城市建设的“一张图”应用模式研究[J].测绘通报,2013(10): 34-36.
[22] 张兆曙.参与困境、场景升级与数字乡村的全景治理: 对湖州市“数字乡村一张图”治理平台的案例研究[J].浙江学刊,2022(5): 88-99.
[23] 蔡阳,谢文君,程益联,等.全国水利一张图关键技术研究综述[J].水利学报,2020,51(6): 685-694.
[24] 王建民.《生态环境大数据建设总体方案》政策解读[J].环境保护,2016,44(14): 12-14.
[25] 张海波,戴新宇,钱德沛,等.新一代信息技术赋能应急管理现代化的战略分析[J].中国科学院院刊,2022,37(12): 1727-1737.
[26] 刘广一,王继业,李洋,等.“电网一张图”时空信息管理系统[J].电力信息与通信技术,2020,18(1): 7-17.
[27] 杨挺,翟峰,赵英杰,等.泛在电力物联网释义与研究展望[J].电力系统自动化,2019,43(13): 9-20.
[28] 生态环境部信息中心.国家生态保护红线监管平台“一张图”入选第七届数字中国建设峰会典型应用案例[EB/OL].(2024-06-06).http://www.secmep.cn/gzdt/zxdt/202406/t20240606_1075226.shtml.
[29] 汪艳霞.农业农村时空“一张图”建设及分析应用研究[J].中国农业信息,2022,34(4): 65-71.
[30] 诸云强,贾文珏,贾萍,等.时空数据图谱关键问题研究及其在“一张图”建设中的应用思考[J].自然资源信息化,2025(4): 1-10.
[31] 许等平,罗鹏,郑冬梅,等.林地一张图国家级互联网服务平台设计与实现[J].林业资源管理,2018(3): 121-128.
[32] 韩青,孙中原,孙成苗,等.基于自然资源本底的国土空间规划现状一张图构建及应用: 以青岛市为例[J].自然资源学报,2019,34(10): 2150-2162.
[33] 燕连福,牛刚刚.数字生态文明建设的核心要义、基本向度与推进路径[J/OL].南通大学学报(社会科学版),2025: 1-11.(2025-09-16).https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1754.C.20250915.1611.004.html.
[34] 顾炳中,申世亮.“欧盟空间信息基础设施”及对国土资源“一张图”建设的启示[J].国土资源信息化,2011(1): 3-6.
[35] 吴朝晖,陈华钧,杨建华.空间大数据信息基础设施[M].杭州: 浙江大学出版社,2013.